In a vertical pipe where water flows from top to bottom, what impact does installing sensors have on the accuracy of the meter?

In a vertical pipe where water flows from top to bottom, what impact does installing sensors have on the accuracy of the meter? What factors cause this impact? What kind of working conditions should be prioritized when selecting a site on – site? In a vertical pipe with water flowing from top to bottom, it is very likely to result in the pipe being incompletely filled with fluid and having a relatively high bubble content. Therefore, when using an ultrasonic sensor for measurement, the ultrasonic flowmeter calculates the flow rate assuming the pipe is full, which causes the measured value of the meter to be larger than the actual value. When the bubble content in the water is high, it can easily lead to measurement failure of the ultrasonic flowmeter. When selecting an installation site on – site, the sensors should be installed at the lower part of the pipe or at a position with sufficient straight – pipe length where the water flows from bottom to top.